Work done physics equation. Its conversion in the energy of different forms is one of the main reasons. Explain and apply the work-energy theorem. In this article we will discuss about how to measure work, heat, pressure and temperature. (See Example 7. Integration is used to calculate the work done by a variable force. Calculating the energy transferred by a microwave by rearranging the formula. So the displacement in the direction of the force is zero, hence work done by gravity as well as the person is zero. The work done formula can be expressed as: W = Fd Where, W = Work, F = Force, and D = Distance Work with change in velocity Here is the formula to calculate work from change in velocity. Learn about:- 1. Use work calculator (physics) to find work done with force & displacement or velocity change. Review Write the equation for calculating Apr 24, 2023 路 We have therefore proved that the net work done on a system is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the system, which we can represent with this formula: W n e t = Δ K E = 1 2 m v t 2 2 1 2 m v t 1 2. In this section, students learn how work determines changes in kinetic energy and that power is the rate at which work is done. Work done by a variable force. The effect of the net force F net is to accelerate the package from v 0 to v. - Spring force. In physics, work represents a type of energy. II. Jul 23, 2025 路 The amount of work done is calculated as the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Every day we do work that requires energy. Forces can vary as a function of position, and displacements can be along various paths between two points. In physics, we say that a force does work if the application of the force displaces an object in the direction of the force. Learn more and see examples here. This guide breaks down Work, Energy and Power: Problem Set Overview There are 20 ready-to-use problem sets on the topic of Work, Energy, and Power. Dec 8, 2024 路 Direct Answer: How to Calculate Work Done in Physics? In physics, work is a fundamental concept that describes the transfer of energy from one object to another through a force applied over a distance. The kinetic energy of the package increases, indicating that the net work done on the system is positive. The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energy—whenever work is done, energy is transferred. Learn about and revise gravity, weight, free body diagrams, resolving forces and work with GCSE Bitesize Physics. Work is done when a force acts on something that undergoes a displacement from one position to another. Please let me know in the comments if there is a particular topic you w Work Done by a Force worksheets, questions and revision for GCSE Combined Science and Physics. If Discover the concept of work in physics, its formula, units, and key differences from energy and power In physics, work represents a type of energy. Calculate the unknown variable in the equation for work, where work is equal to force multiplied by displacement; W = Fs. This revision note covers work done for forces applied parallel to a surface and at an angle. The general algebraic expression for work done along a path \ (s\) from point A to B is: In physics, work (W) refers to the amount of energy transferred by a force acting upon an object as it moves along a specific path. Let’s dive in! What is Work in Physics? Generally, work (W) is often defined The two people might do the same amount of work, yet the hiker does the work in considerably less time than the rock climber. This means that the word done against gravity should also equal of energy – after all, energy is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed! Lets justify this using the definition for work done, ; The weight of the apple if the force it acts downwards (with gravity) and therefore it is this force that we need to do work against. Jul 23, 2025 路 The load hasn’t any displacement, so as the scientific definition of work, work hasn’t been done here. The Meaning of Theta When determining the measure of the angle in the work equation, it is important to recognize that the angle has a precise definition - it is the angle between the force and the displacement vector. Net work is the total work done on an object when multiple forces are acting on it simultaneously. III. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force. Forces can vary as a function of position, and … In our everyday life, work is any kind of effort, job, or action that we perform. This curiosity is true of other vector quantities that are multiplied together, such as force and The formula for work is used to calculate work done in moving an object. The general algebraic expression for work done along a path 饾憼 from point A to B is: W = E The equation that connects work, force and distance is Work done = Force x Distance. For the following example problems, show the solution for the calculation of the work. Hello everyone,I hope this video helped you to understand how to calculate work done. When a force acting on an object causes the object to move, we say that work is done on the object. The box has displaced by a distance d in the same direction as in force, then work done W by force is defined as Work done = Force x Displacement W = F The explanation of the work formula will cover the concepts of work done by an object along with the formula of work done, and work formula Physics. Forces do work in slowing objects down as well as speeding them up, as well as moving objects at constant velocity when doing so Thermodynamic Work: Equations, PdV-Work, Heat, Pressure and Temperature Measurement. This article of physics will give the concept of work done with work formula physics and example. It is equal to the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object on which the force is applied. Find out what they mean in this article. The quantity that has to do with the rate at which a certain amount of work is done is known as the power. This calculator computes work based on force, displacement, and the angle between them using the equation: W = F × d × cos (θ). All the revision you need in one place. A common physics lab involves applying a force to displace a cart up a ramp to the top of a chair or box. It’s important to understand that work is only done when a force causes displacement or movement in the direction of the force applied. You can calculate the energy transferred, or work done, by multiplying the force by the distance moved in the direction of the force. This article discusses work, energy and power in detail. What is Work in Physics? Work is done whenever a force causes a displacement. Let us start by considering the total, or net, work done on a system. Use this online work calculator that helps you to determine the total amount of work done on an object. Work describes the transfer of energy through force applied over a distance, while torque explains how forces cause objects to rotate. It calculates the work done by the force of gravity. In Physics, for two objects, the work done is defined as the transfer of energy from the first object to the second object. Explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force. Because there is no distance we cannot talk about the work. d. The problems target your ability to use equations related to work and power, to calculate the kinetic, potential and total mechanical energy, and to use the work-energy relationship in order to determine the final speed, stopping distance or final height of an object Jan 5, 2025 路 What is Work Done in Physics? In the realm of physics, "work" is a fundamental concept that has significant implications for understanding various physical phenomena. Khan Academy Khan Academy Concepts of work, kinetic energy and potential energy are discussed; these concepts are combined with the work-energy theorem to provide a convenient means of analyzing an object or system of objects moving between an initial and final state. In this case, we can factor out the force; the remain Dec 28, 2020 路 Work (Physics): Definition, Formula, How to Calculate (w/ Diagram & Examples)The Formula for Work The standard equation for work is: W = F ⋅ d where d is displacement. May 13, 2025 路 What is work done? In GCSE Physics, work is done when an external force is applied to an object and causes the object to move some distance. This is described by the equation: Where: = work done, measured in newton-metres (Nm) = force applied, measured in newtons (N) = distance moved, measured in metres (m) The distance moved is in the same direction as the force applied. If you don't know how to calculate work, use this total work calculator. Jun 5, 2022 路 What is Work Done in Physics? In this we have covered all possible physics scenarios where work done calculation is needed. Explore how to calculate work done and interpret force-versus-displacement graphs. PdV-Work 4. Example: If the box is touching to the wall and a force is applied finds the work done by the force. The units in which work is expressed are the same as those for energy. This video goes into further detail, explaining internal energy and how to use the equation Δ U = Q W Note that Sal uses the equation Δ U = Q + W , where W is the work done on the system, whereas we use W to represent work done by the system. Power and Work done, power formula, Calculate power using either energy or work done, examples and step by step solutions, GCSE / IGCSE Physics, notes Understanding net work involves calculating the total work done by multiple forces acting on an object. The energy can be transferred from one store to another, such as chemical energy to kinetic energy in Fig 1. com Dec 10, 2024 路 Use our revision notes to user and understand the work done equation and compare it to energy transferred. Jul 20, 2020 路 The terms “work done” and “power” may sound vague, but they have very specific definitions in the study of physics. This concept explains how energy moves in systems and how power and efficiency are calculated in both mechanical and biological contexts. Though force and displacement are both vector quantities, their product is a scalar product (also called a dot product). The best free online AQA GCSE resource trusted by students and schools globally. It explains the concept of work in physics, describes the basic formula W=∫ ​ F(x)dx, and … Calculate work done using force and displacement with this simple, accurate work calculator. This college physics video tutorial provides the formulas and equations of work, energy, and power. Learn how to calculate the work done on an object, and see examples that walk through sample problems step-by-step for you to improve your physics knowledge and skills. In this Physics article, we will learn work formula, its derivation along with some solved examples. Work, 饾憡, is a transfer of energy from one physical system to another via a force acting between the two through a distance. Work in physics, however, has a very strict and clear definition. Doing work means applying a force to move an object over a distance. W = F • d • cos(Θ) In the Work equation, the angle theta (Θ) is the angle between the fore and the displacement vectors. Work is believed to be done by a force when an object experiences displacement parallels to the line of action of the This is identical to Equation \ref {work. Sep 8, 2025 路 Learn about the work done formula for your IB Physics course. Work done by gravity Questions: 1) A pencil falls from a table. It includes kinetic energy, gravitational potential ener Work is a very important physical quantity in the field of physics for a number of reasons. The work can be done, for example, by generators, (electrochemical cells) or thermocouples generating an electromotive force. Contents Dec 16, 2021 路 Work formula is generally used in physics to find the work done by an object. Oct 1, 2024 路 Revision notes on Work Done for the Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Physics syllabus, written by the Physics experts at Save My Exams. Definition of Work Work, \ (W\), is a transfer of energy from one physical system to another via a force acting between the two through a distance. As it happens normally, the work definition in physics is almost the same as the work equation. Work is said to be done when a force (push or pull) applied to an object causes a displacement of the object. How to calculate work done by a force moving an object? How work done is a form of energy transfer? Aug 1, 2025 路 Calculate work (W) as a function of force (F) and displacement (s). Calculating work done is crucial in understanding various physical phenomena, such as motion, force, and energy. May 14, 2025 路 In physics, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. Total work done will be maximum in case F and s are in the the same direction i. Understanding how to calculate the work done by a force is a fundamental concept with applications in various areas such as engineering, mechanics, and daily life. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, the work equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. The displacement of the wall is zero. Jul 18, 2022 路 Work Done After long hours of doing your physics homework, you might feel pretty tired, as you have done a lot of work. The definition of work in physics reveals its relationship to energy – whenever work is done, energy is transferred. Work done, transfer of energy, work done formula, examples and step by step solutions, GCSE / IGCSE Physics, notes A series of free GCSE/IGCSE Physics Notes and Lessons. Calculate the work done by the force. Only the part of the force that acts parallel to the displacement contributes to work. Work, Energy and Power are fundamental concepts of Physics. Substituting F net = ma from Newton’s second law gives Learn the work done formula and understand the application of work integral in the work done formula with examples problems using calculus. Whether you’re learning physics, performing engineering calculations, or solving real-life problems, this tool saves time and ensures accuracy. Apply the work equation to determine the amount of work done by the applied force in each of the three situations described below. Kinetic energy Energy associated with the state of motion of an object. A What is Work? In physics, “work” is a measure of the energy transferred to or from an object using a force acting on the object as it moves through a distance. This is identical to Equation \ref {work. Work done and Energy Transfer Describe what is meant by work done. 01 kg, g = 9. Jul 23, 2025 路 The formula for calculating total work done is Fscosθ, where F is the force, s is displacement and cosθ is the angle between Force and displacement. Oct 19, 2024 路 Learn about the work done equation for your AP Physics 1 exam. Work can also be defined as the transfer of energy. It is represented by W. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as W = Fd cos θ, where W is work, F is the magnitude of the force on the system, d is the magnitude of the displacement of the system, and θ . Also, to do work we have to use force so that we can push an object to a distance. How much work does the spring do on the The concept of work involves force and displacement; the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. Work (physics) In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. cos θ Where, F is the force applied d is the displacement θ is the angle between force and direction of motion Work formula is made use of to compute work done, force, or displacement in any problem. The net work \\(W_{net}\\) is the work done by the net force acting on an object. Sep 1, 2025 路 Summary Work can be calculated with the equation: Work = Force × Distance. Work done by a constant force - Gravitational force V. The fundamental unit of … Calculate work done (W), force (F) and distance (d) through physics work calculator. This means that if you apply force to an object, you either speed it up or slow it down, depending on the direction of the force. Nov 15, 2024 路 Revision notes on Work Done for the OCR A Level Physics syllabus, written by the Physics experts at Save My Exams. Sep 8, 2025 路 Revision notes on Work Done for the DP IB Physics syllabus, written by the Physics experts at Save My Exams. Purpose: It is used in physics to calculate the energy transferred to an object when a force is applied. This above image illustrates the concept of work done in physics. Pressure Measurement 6. Free online physics calculators, mechanics, energy, calculators. In simple terms, work is done when a force applied to an object causes it to move from one position to another, and the object is not moving in the same direction as the force. d W=F. Point out that acceleration due to Learn about and revise how to calculate work done and the energy changes involved in motion with GCSE Bitesize Physics. Formula of Work The work formula is articulated as W=F. Nov 2, 2023 路 How to Calculate Work Done Therefore, we can define work done in physics as the product of force and the perpendicular distance in the direction where we apply the force. Work done is simply another way of saying that energy is transferred. In other words, work is equivalent to the application of a force over a distance. The starter quiz will activate and check your pupils' prior knowledge, with versions available both with and without answers in PDF format. This section focuses on calculating the work done by a force over a distance using integration. However, because you did your homework, you now know that 'work' is a physical quantity! Have you actually been doing work in the physical sense? Nov 21, 2023 路 What is work and what is its formula? Learn the definition of work in physics and how to calculate the value of work done by a force using a formula with some examples. Dec 21, 2020 路 Definition of the Work-Energy Theorem Also known as the work-energy principle, the work-energy theorem states that the total amount of work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy (the final kinetic energy minus the initial kinetic energy). For work, in the scientific sense, to be done, a force must be exerted and there must be motion or displacement in the direction of the force. This page contains notes on Work done by the force, work done formula by the constant force, work done formula by the force at an angles, examples Jun 22, 2023 路 Work in Physics: Learn the definition, formula, unit of work, factors affecting work, and types of work. Work Done by Electric field This video tutorial lesson explains how to use the work equation to analyze and solve a physics situation involving a work calculation. - General. It states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. This type of work is nothing but mechanical work. Forces can vary as a function of position, and … Work is the scientific term used to describe the action of a force which moves an object. [AL][AL] Remind students of the equation W = P E e = f m g W = P E e = f m g . So according to the formula, Jan 9, 2025 路 Revision notes on Work for the Edexcel A Level Physics syllabus, written by the Physics experts at Save My Exams. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as W = Fd cos θ, where W is work, F is the magnitude of the force on the system, d is the magnitude of the displacement of the system, and θ Nov 26, 2018 路 This force, when it causes the system to move, is called the work done by surrounding. The joule is the unit for both work and energy. Heat Measurement 5. Sep 4, 2025 路 Work, in physics, measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement. In this GCSE Physics Revision Guide, you will find high quality Power: Work Done GCSE Revision Notes and Past Paper Questions Mar 7, 2025 路 Work and torque are fundamental concepts in AP® Physics 1 for understanding how forces influence motion. Work - Kinetic energy theorem. H less than 9 minutes of your time and become a superstar at calculating work. Work Solved Learn about Work Done in Physics with AQA GCSE Physics Notes written by expert GCSE teachers. The simplest work to evaluate is that done by a force that is constant in magnitude and direction. One joule equals the amount of work that is done when 1 N of force moves an object over a distance of 1 m. e. Think of it this way: when you push or pull an object, you’re exerting a force on it. Define the general definitions of the words potential and kinetic. We will see in this section that work done by the net force gives a system energy of motion, and in the process we will also find an expression for the energy of motion. Work done is a term used in physics to refer to the amount of energy transferred by a force. Calculators for work done (J), force (N) and distance (or displacement) (m), together with the equations and examples. Power in Watts (W), Energy/Work in Joules (J), and Time in seconds (s). Work and energy are closely related to each other. \ Example 1 - Plug-and-Chug: Determine the work done when a rightward force of 65 N displaces a 15-kg box 2. Electric field work is formally equivalent to work by other force fields in physics, [1] and the formalism for electrical work is identical to that of mechanical work. Similarly, what is the energy when we are pushing a wall? It is very shocking that even though you feel fatigue but work done by you on the wall is zero. This relationship allows for the calculation of work even when forces are unknown Discover the formula for calculating work in physics, including its definition and applications explained concisely. Work done on an object transfers energy to the object. Nov 21, 2023 路 Learn the work done formula and understand the application of work integral in the work done formula with examples problems using calculus. Be sure to avoid mindlessly using any 'ole angle in the equation. But did you know that all of these physics concepts are closely related? In this article, we’ll explain the work-energy theorem and how to apply the equation in order to explore and analyze systems, including when work is done by friction. As you can see our formula; Work=Force. Stretch the spring by an amount \ (x_ {i}\) and release the object. This revision note includes the work done equation and how to calculate work done. In this space, we will explain the work equation for physics, and few examples for how to calculate work. ) By using Newton’s second law, and doing some algebra, we can reach an interesting conclusion. We use learning cycles to break down learning into key concepts or ideas linked to the Work Calculator is a powerful online tool that calculates the work done based on force and displacement. E = F x d These equations are important! Strictly speaking, work done = force x distance is only true when the distance moved by the object is in the direction of the force. What is Work? The work done on a system by a constant force is the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts. Power I. Defining Work The scientific definition of work is different in many ways from its everyday meaning. Rather than the integral expression for work, it is often convenient to use a differential expression. The net work is the sum of individual works, calculated using the equation F d cos (θ). In physics, work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. (7. Momentum helps explain some of the most important interactions in nature. spring} for work done by a linear force that we obtain above by performing direct integration. Understanding Work Done by a Force in Physics When we talk about work being done in a physics context, we're referring to a very specific process. The translational kinetic energy of an object of mass \\(m\\) … Momentum, work and power - OCR Gateway The work done equation Momentum can be thought of as the product of mass and velocity. It is articulated in Nm. Work done is the energy transferred by application of a force to an object undergoing a displacement. Updated: 11/21/2023 Due to the nature of scalar product work is a scalar quantity besides the fact that both force and displacement are vector quantities. Thus, it is important to consider work as part of the transitions in energy. Understand the work formula with Derivation, Examples, and FAQs. The equation for work can be rearranged to find force or distance if the other variables are known. Consider that the mass of the pencil is 10 grams and the height of the table is 60 cm. When done, click the button to view the answers. Learn more. The amount of work a force does is directly proportional to how far that force moves an object. Choose an origin as shown in the figure. Work Done by a Force Work Done by a Force Work is the measure of energy transferred to or from an object when a force is applied over a displacement, providing the link between forces and energy. According to physics, if there is no displacement, no work is done—regardless of how much force is applied. This is the Definition: This calculator determines the work done on an object, either by applying a force over a distance or by changing its velocity. We say that the force "does work'' if it is exerted while the object moves (has a displacement vector) and in such a way that the scalar product of the force and displacement vectors is non-zero. Give Mr. 1D-Analysis 3D-Analysis Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem. Also, energy is defined as the capacity to do work. We define the capacity to do the work as energy. VI. Net work is defined to be the sum of work Work is done whenever a force moves something over a distance. Power is the rate at which you do work. 1. Mastering these topics is essential for solving problems related to mechanical systems, rotational motion, and energy conservation. Apr 10, 2024 路 In physics, work represents a type of energy. 8 m/s 2, h = 60 cm = 0. Thermometers and Measurement of Temperature. This revision note covers the power and work done equations and example calculations. Feb 16, 2023 路 The Work Equation The Definition of Work In physics, work is defined as the change of energy in a system caused by a force applied over a displacement. In other words, work is done when a force acts on something that undergoes a displacement from one position to another. It simplifies complex physics calculations, ideal for students, engineers, and anyone interested in physics-related computations. With this handy calculator, you can also find the power, force, and displacement by using different units. See full list on vedantu. Energy transferred = work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force When energy is transferred from energy stored chemically in muscles to energy in a raised load, or to energy Feb 16, 2023 路 You may already know a lot about work and energy, such as how to calculate work done on or by an object, the types of energy, and how energy is conserved. Work. When work is done, energy is transferred or transformed. The SI unit of force is the Newton (N), and the SI unit of distance is a meter (m). IV. The following diagram gives the formula for work done, force and distance. The Physics of Work Lesson Notes Learning Outcomes • What is meant by work and how can you know if work is being done on an object? • What is the equation for work? • How are positive work and negative work distinguished from each other? Definition of Work Learn how to solve problems calculating the work done by kinetic friction on an object and see examples that walk through sample problems step-by-step for you to improve your physics knowledge and However, it moves 5m in X direction. cosθ is 0 degree as cos 0 = 1. The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle equals the change in the particle’s kinetic energy. Equations for Work Done in Various Processes 3. For a work to be done, in a scientific sense, a force must be exerted, and there must be displacement in the direction of the force. However, because you did your homework, you now know that 'work' is a physical quantity! Have you actually been doing work in the physical sense? The work "done'' by the force is the scalar product of the force vector and the displacement vector of the object. Work Definition Let assume a constant force F applies on a box in a certain direction. Net Work and the Work-Energy Theorem We know from the study of Newton’s laws that net force causes acceleration. W = F x d The equation can also be written as Energy = Force x Distance. Physicists define work as the amount of energy transferred by a force. Work is said to be done when an object experiences displacement. Work Done (GCSE Physics) Work Done Forces and Work Work Done Work is the transfer of energy. Work is done any time you are transforming one form of energy into another. Learn how to calculate work and power, and see examples that walk through sample problems step-by-step for you to improve your math knowledge and skills. The SI unit for work is the joule (J), or newton • meter (N • m). Calculating the power used to do work on an Jul 18, 2022 路 Work Done After long hours of doing your physics homework, you might feel pretty tired, as you have done a lot of work. It encompasses both the positive (energy-producing) and negative (energy-consuming) contributions to the work done. The work- energy theorem relates net work to the change in kinetic energy, expressed as W = Δ K = K final K initial. Mechanical and Thermodynamic Work 2. To help you plan your year 10 physics lesson on: Work done calculations (W = F × s), download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs. Box is touching to the wall and force cannot move it. Apr 15, 2022 路 Definition of work done in Physics In Physics, when a body moves some distance due to the application of net external force, then it is said that the external force has done a work. Besides, the work formula helps us to find out the energy we use to move an object. Learn how to calculate work using the formula work = Force x Distance0:00 Introduction to the work triangle formula0:24 During a race a runner impacts the gr Feb 27, 2025 路 Learn all about work, energy and power for your AQA A Level Physics exam. Work, Energy and Power The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energy—whenever work is done, energy is transferred. Nov 30, 2024 路 Learn about work done for your IGCSE Physics exam. Six examples of varying difficulty are discussed. Learn about the formula for calculating work, and how this relates to the work-energy theorem, which states that the net work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. 1) 2 K = 1mv2 Units: 1 Joule = 1J = 1 kgm2 Example \ (\PageIndex {1}\): Work done by the Spring Force Connect one end of an unstretched spring of length \ (l_ {0}\) with spring constant k to an object resting on a smooth frictionless table and fix the other end of the spring to a wall. Thus, when calculating the final and initial states of the potential and kinetic energy of a system after the work has been done, one can use the following formula: 2. Formula used for calculation is Work distance = W = Fd. In many occasions, we need to calculate the amount of work done by an object in motion. Practice solved examples at Embibe What is Work? The work done on a system by a constant force is the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts. Check Your Understanding Express your understanding of the concept and mathematics of work by answering the following questions. 0 m to the right. Mar 3, 2025 路 This article explores the work-energy theorem, a key concept for AP® Physics 1, linking work and energy to solve energy-related problems. With this said, we can say that Work is the Our Work Done Calculator simplifies complex physics formulas, making it accessible for anyone to use. [BL][OL] Review understanding of mass, velocity, and acceleration due to gravity. Jun 10, 2025 路 Work-Energy Theorem The Work-Energy Theorem is a concept in physics related to the dynamic motion of objects. 2. Answer: The pencil falls under the action of the force of gravity, to calculate the work done, therefore we will use the equation above, where m = 10 g = 0. Power is the work done per unit of time. bwqj ccfun psho npland tpfa ynpgmdl zxtfk saknm emuk awxueotxu